adverbial clause,command&request,reported speech

Bab 1

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.

Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).

Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.

Contoh:

• Shut the door before you go out.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
• No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.

Contoh:

• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• The guard stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
• Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.

Contoh:

• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.

Contoh:

• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.

Contoh:

• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.

Contoh:

• Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.

Contoh:

• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
• I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

Contoh:

• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

Contoh:

• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

Contoh:

• She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
• They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
• Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
• This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:

1.  Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll

Contoh:

• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)

2.    Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as

Contoh:

• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.

3.       Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.

Contoh:

• Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
• Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.

Catatan:

Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:

1)   Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).

Contoh:

a.           ADVERB CLAUSE      : While I was walking to class, I ran into an 

                                              old friend.

b.          MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old

                                               friend.

2)   Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.

Contoh:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE      : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.

b.       MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.

Contoh:

1. DAPAT DIRUBAH

• While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
• While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
• Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.

2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH

• While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
• While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.

7. Clause of Condition

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.

Contoh:

• If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
• In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
• The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
• We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.

BAB 2

COMMAND AND REQUEST

PENGERTIAN

Command and request bisa disebut sebagai kalimat perintah(command) dan permintaan(request).

Ciri-ciri dan contoh COMMAND AND REQUEST  :

Kalimat command biasanya diiringi dengan kata-kata suruhan diantaranya :

"Kata-kata" suruhan ditambah dengan "lah" dan diakhiri dengan tanda seru(!)
seperti : "Duduklah!" atau "Pergilah!".

Didalam bahasa Inggris, kata "lah" itu tidak ada. Jadi jika hendak menyuruh seseorang berbuat sesuatu, hanya verb saja yang diletakkan di depan kalimat maka dengan sendirinya sudah bertambah arti "lah" dalam kalimat tersebut.

1. Come here! ( Artinya marilah ke sini! )
2. Try to speak English! ( Artinya cobalah berbicara bahasa Inggris! )
3. Study diligently! (Artinya belajarlah dengan rajin! )

Apabila kalimat bukan kata kerja (verb), maka memakai "be" di depan kalimat karena be adalah verb. Tapi be ini tidak ada artinya/terjemahannya.
1. Be good to her!( Artinya baik-baiklah kepadanya! )
2. Be diligent!( Artinya Rajin-rajinlah! )
3. Be careful! ( Artinya hati-hatilah! )

Prohibition
Do not boleh dipendekkan menjadi "don't" yang artinya "jangan" kalau dileatkkan di depan kalimat.
Contoh :
1.Do not come here! Artinya jangan datang kemari!
2.Don't look at it! Artinya jangan lihat itu!
3.Don't forget your lesson! Artinya jangan lupakan pelajaranmu itu!
4.Do not go there! Artinya jangan pergi ke sana!

Command and Request
Definisi command and request adalah Kalimat permohonan
Pengertian command and request adalah kalimat permintaan / permohonan dengan kata ganti orang kedua

Contoh :

Do not come here! Artinya jangan datang kemari!
Don’t look at it! Artinya jangan lihat itu!
Don’t forget your lesson! Artinya jangan lupakan pelajaranmu itu!
Do not go there! Artinya jangan pergi ke sana!

Jadi jangan pake “good” saja atau “good good“. Karena kalimat Command and Request ini tidak ada “verb“-nya, maka “be“-lah yang menjadi wakil “verb“.
Akan tetapi kalau sesudah be itu ada kata benda atau nama orang maka arti be itu adalah jadi/menjadi, misalnya:

Be a teacher!                           = Jadilah guru!
Be a president!                        = Jadilah presiden!
Don’t be a corruptor!              = Jangan jadi koruptor!
Don’t be a traitor                     = Jangan jadi pengkhianat!
Be an honest man                    = Jadi orang jujurlah!
 
Contoh:
Don’t be lazy!                         = Jangan malas!
Don’t be stupid!                      = Jangan bodoh!
Don’t be careless                     = Jangan lalai!
Don’t be ashamed                           = Jangan malu!

Pada umumnya Reporting Verb (Kata Kerja Yang
Melaporkan) menggunakan kata kerja

                                   Bab 3

REPORTED SPEECH (DIRECT & INDERECT)

1.      
D dIRECT SPEECH (Kalimat Langsug)

Direct Speech adalah perkataan langsung yang diucapkan pembicara.

Apabila kita mengutip atau menirukan langsung secara sama apa yang dibicarakan tanpa mengubah susunan kata-kata sedikitpun, maka kutipan tersebut dinamakan Kutipan Langsung atau Kalimat Langsung.

     
     Kalimat langsung terdiri atas 2 (dua) bagian,yaitu :

     Reporting Verb        = kata kerja yang melaporkan

     Reported Words       = kata-kata yang dilaporkan

Berikut ini contoh penggunaan dalam kalimat :

      ° Billy says, “ I go to school everyday”.

        Billy berkata, “saya pergi ke sekolah setiap hari”.

Pada contoh diatas yang menjadi Reporting Verbnya adalah “Billy says(Billy berkata)”, sedangkan yang menjadi Reported wordnya adalah “I go to school everyday (saya pergi ke sekolah setiap hari)”.

Ada beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan pada bentuk Direct Speech ini,yaitu :

1.     Dalam kalimat langsung pada umumnya Reporting verb dengan Reported words dipisahkan oleh tanda koma (,).

2.     Reported word dalam kalimat langsung ditulis di dalam tanda kutip (quotation marks).

3.     Reporting Verb dapat juga disebut Reporting Sentence (kalimat pelapor),sedangkan Reported words dapat disebut Reported speech atau Reported Sentence (kalimat yang dilaporkan).

4.     Letak dari Reporting Verb tidak harus berada di awal kalimat, tetapi dapat juga Reporting Verb berada di akhir kalimat.

Contoh:

° He said, “ I am happy”.

Dia berkata, “saya gembira”.

“I am happy”,he said.

“Saya gembira”,dia berkata.

° George said,”I don’t like banana”.

George berkata,”Saya tidak suka pisang”.

“I don’t like banana”,said George.

“Saya tidak suka pisang”,kata George.

2.     INDIRECT SPEECH (Kalimat Tak Langsung)

Indirect speech adalah kalimat yang diucapkan untuk menyampaikan pernyataan seseorang kepada orang lain.

Apabila kita menceritakan apa yang dikatakan seseorang dengan maksud yang sama, g susunan kata-katanya tidak sama atau ada perubahan, maka kalimat tersebut dinamakan Kalimat Tak Langsung (Indirect speech).

Contoh:

1.     She says,”I’m very good in English.

Dia berkata,”Saya sangat mahir dalam bahasa Inggris”.

2.     She says that he is very good English.

Dia berkata bahwa dia sangat mahir dalam bahasa inggris.Dari kedua contoh diatas antara Direct Speeech (1) dan Indirect Speech (2) dapat dilihat perbedaannya.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

F.A. Soeprapto,and mariana Darwis.Engish for High School.Jawa Tengah:Jogjakarta,Publishers,2006.

haryanto doni.ABCplus English Grammar.jawa Tengah:Jogjakarta,Publishers,2003.

Gurudanpelajar.blogspot.com/2008/08/command-request-and-prohibition.Html

Englishtutorial.co.cc

Scribd.com